Total Station and it's Parts

Total Station

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                            Total station is a surveying equipment combination of electromagnetic, distance measuring Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument

Parts of Total Station

These following are the parts of total station

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• Tripod ( Tri means three and Pod means legs)

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• Base plate

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• Leveling Screws or Foot screws

• Tri barrage

• Circular Bubble

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• Horizontal lock

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• Vertical lock
• Slow motion ( it is use when your machine is horizontally or vertically lock)

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• Telescope

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• Height of instrument or center point of telescope

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• Display panel

Capability of a Total Station

Microprocessor unit in total station processes the data collected to computer

1. Average of multiple angles measured.
2. Average of multiple distance measured.
3. Horizontal distance.
4. Distance between any two points.
5. Elevation of objects and
6. All the three coordinates of the observed points.

Data collected and processed in a Total Station can be downloaded to computers for further processing.Total station is a compact instrument and weighs 50 to 55 N. A person can easily carry it to the field. Total stations with different accuracy, in angle measurement and different range of measurements are available in the market.

Operating of Theodolite

The setting of Total Station over the station mark is similar to an ordinary Theodolite.

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• Centering

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• Leveling
• Removal of parallax

Total Stations are controlled with entries made either through their built-in keyboards or through the keyboards of hand-held data collectors.

Centering and leveling is the most important factor to achieve accuracy therefore it has to be done very carefully.

1. Accurate pointing at targets
2. Taking average of multiple angle measurement made by both direction and reverse position

Peripheral equipment that can affect accuracy includes

1. Tri brachs
2. Optical plummets
3. Prism and
4. Prism poles.

Important Features of Total Station

Distance Measurement

Electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its range varies from 2.8 km to 4.2 km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5 mm to 10 mm per km measurement. They are used with automatic target recognizer. The distance measured is always sloping distance from instrument to the object.

Angle Measurements

The electronic theodolite part of total station is used for measuring vertical and horizontal angle. For measurement of horizontal angles any convenient direction may be taken as reference direction. For vertical angle measurement vertical upward (zenith) direction is taken as reference direction. The accuracy of angle measurement varies from 2 to 6 seconds.

Data Processing

This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor averages multiple observations. With the help of slope distance and vertical and horizontal angles measured, when height of axis of instrument and targets are supplied, the microprocessor computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z coordinates.

Display

Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective keys are pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical distance, horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed points and all the three coordinates of the observed points.

Electronic Book

Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The capacity of electronic note book varies from 2000 points to 4000 points data. Surveyor can unload the data stored in note book to computer and reuse the note book.

Uses or how Total Station works

The total station instrument is mounted on a tripod and it is leveled by operating leveling screws. Within a small range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the level position.  Give the co-ordinate of the instrument position and bearing of backward station then the co-ordinates of any other point can be computed.When target is sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances are measured and by pressing appropriate keys they are recorded along with point number. Heights of instrument and targets can be keyed in after measuring them with tapes. Then processor computes various information about the point and displays on screen.This information is also stored in the electronic notebook. At the end of the day or whenever electronic note book is full, the information stored is downloaded to computers.

                                                                                  The point data downloaded to the computer can be used for further processing. There are software like auto civil and auto plotter clubbed with Auto Cad which can be used for plotting contours at any specified interval and for plotting cross-section along any specified line.

                                Total station can be use for different things but some of them are following.

1. Detail survey like data collection
2. Height measurement
3. Resection
4. Control survey
5. M L M missing line measurement
6. Area calculation
7. Remote line measurement

Benefits of Using Total Stations

These are the basic befits or advantages by using total station
Field work is carried out very fast.Accuracy of measurement is high.Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for temperature and pressure are automatically made.Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.